Selection, tinkering and emergence in complex networks: crossing the land of tinkering

Complex biological networks have very different origins than technologic ones. The latter involve extensive design and, as engineered structures, include a high level of optimization. The former involve (in principle) contingency and structural constraints, with new structures being incorporated through tinkering with previously evolved modules or units. However, the observation of the topological features of different biological nets suggests that nature can have a limited repertoire of ”attractors” that essentially optimize communication under some basic constraints of cost and architecture or that allow the biological nets to reach a high degree of homeostasis. Conversely, the topological features exhibited by some technology graphs indicate that tinkering and internal constraints play a key role, in spite of the ”designed” nature of these structures. Previous scenarios suggested to explain the overall trends of evolution are re-analyzed in light of topological patterns.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Body size in ecological networks

Body size determines a host of species traits that can affect the structure and dynamics of food webs, and other ecological networks, across multiple scales of organization. Measuring body size provides a relatively simple means of encapsulating and condensing a large amount of the biological information embedded within an ecological network. Recently, important advances have been made by incorporating body size into theoretical models that explore food web stability, the patterning of energy fluxes, and responses to perturbations. Because metabolic constraints underpin body-size scaling relationships, metabolic theory offers a potentially useful new framework within which to develop novel models to describe the structure and functioning of ecological networks and to assess the probable consequences of biodiversity change. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer Reviewe

Flow Cytometry Data Preparation Guidelines for Improved Automated Phenotypic Analysis.

Advances in flow cytometry (FCM) increasingly demand adoption of computational analysis tools to tackle the ever-growing data dimensionality. In this study, we tested different data input modes to evaluate how cytometry acquisition configuration and data compensation procedures affect the performance of unsupervised phenotyping tools. An analysis workflow was set up and tested for the detection of changes in reference bead subsets and in a rare subpopulation of murine lymph node CD103+ dendritic cells acquired by conventional or spectral cytometry. Raw spectral data or pseudospectral data acquired with the full set of available detectors by conventional cytometry consistently outperformed datasets acquired and compensated according to FCM standards. Our results thus challenge the paradigm of one-fluorochrome/one-parameter acquisition in FCM for unsupervised cluster-based analysis. Instead, we propose to configure instrument acquisition to use all available fluorescence detectors and to avoid integration and compensation procedures, thereby using raw spectral or pseudospectral data for improved automated phenotypic analysis.We thank Irene Palacios, Elena Prieto, Mariano Vito´n, and Raquel Nieto for excellent technical assistance and Dr. Salvador Iborra for helpful discussion of dendritic cell studies. Editorial assistance was provided by Simon Bartlett.S

Equivalent circuit and calculation of unbalanced power in three-wire three-phase linear networks

[EN] For analysis of three-wire three-phase linear systems, the transformations wye-delta and delta-wye from theorem of Kennelly are used. These transformations can be applied to balanced systems but not to unbalanced systems. This is due to the fact that zero-sequence voltages or zero-sequence currents are present in these types of connections. This modifies the value of the unbalance power in the load with respect to the generator. These zero-sequence voltages and currents that appear in generators and loads are not transferred over the network. The zero-sequence voltage in a delta-connected load and the zero-sequence current that is obtained using theorem of Kennelly in a star-connected load, or vice versa, cause different imbalance effects. Here, the equivalent circuit for any point of the system is developed. The impedances of the equivalent circuit in any node are calculated using line-to-line voltages and line currents. This equivalent circuit incorporates all energetic phenomena, including the unbalance of all downstream loads. For its verification, the phasor unbalance power is used.Montoya-Mira, R.; Diez-Aznar, J.; Blasco Espinosa, PA.; Montoya Villena, R. (2018). Equivalent circuit and calculation of unbalanced power in three-wire three-phase linear networks. IET Generation Transmission & Distribution. 12(7):1466-1473. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0670S14661473127Emanuel, A. E. (1993). On the definition of power factor and apparent power in unbalanced polyphase circuits with sinusoidal voltage and currents. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 8(3), 841-852. doi:10.1109/61.252612Jeon, S.-J. (2005). Definitions of Apparent Power and Power Factor in a Power System Having Transmission Lines With Unequal Resistances. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 20(3), 1806-1811. doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2005.848658Czarnecki, L. S. (1994). Misinterpretations of some power properties of electric circuits. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 9(4), 1760-1769. doi:10.1109/61.329509Willems, J. L. (2004). Reflections on Apparent Power and Power Factor in Nonsinusoidal and Polyphase Situations. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 19(2), 835-840. doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2003.823182Emanuel, A. E. (1999). Apparent power definitions for three-phase systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 14(3), 767-772. doi:10.1109/61.772313Jayatunga, U., Ciufo, P., Perera, S., & Agalgaonkar, A. P. (2015). Deterministic methodologies for the quantification of voltage unbalance propagation in radial and interconnected networks. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 9(11), 1069-1076. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0661Von Jouanne, A., & Banerjee, B. (2001). Assessment of voltage unbalance. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 16(4), 782-790. doi:10.1109/61.956770Viswanadha Raju, G. K., & Bijwe, P. R. (2008). Efficient reconfiguration of balanced and unbalanced distribution systems for loss minimisation. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2(1), 7. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd:20070216Kersting, W. H. (2001). Causes and effects of unbalanced voltages serving an induction motor. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 37(1), 165-170. doi:10.1109/28.903142Pillay, P., & Manyage, M. (2006). Loss of Life in Induction Machines Operating With Unbalanced Supplies. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 21(4), 813-822. doi:10.1109/tec.2005.853724Emanuel, A. E. (1998). The Buchholz-Goodhue apparent power definition: the practical approach for nonsinusoidal and unbalanced systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 13(2), 344-350. doi:10.1109/61.660900Leon-Martinez, V., Montanana-Romeu, J., & Palazon-Garcia, J. M. (2011). Unbalance Compensator for Three-Phase Industrial Installations. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 9(5), 808-814. doi:10.1109/tla.2011.6030993Reginatto, R., & Ramos, R. A. (2014). On electrical power evaluation in dq coordinates under sinusoidal unbalanced conditions. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 8(5), 976-982. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0532Diez, J. M., Blasco, P. A., & Montoya, R. (2016). Formulation of phasor unbalance power: application to sinusoidal power systems. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 10(16), 4178-4186. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0730Marzband, M., Moghaddam, M. M., Akorede, M. F., & Khomeyrani, G. (2016). Adaptive load shedding scheme for frequency stability enhancement in microgrids. Electric Power Systems Research, 140, 78-86. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2016.06.03

Real-time monitoring of fenitrothion in water samples using a silicon nanophotonic biosensor

[EN] Due to the large quantities of pesticides extensively used and their impact on the environment and human health, a prompt and reliable sensing technique could constitute an excellent tool for in-situ monitoring. With this aim, we have applied a highly sensitive photonic biosensor based on a bimodal waveguide interferometer (BiMW) for the rapid, label-free, and speci¿c quanti¿cation of fenitrothion (FN) directly in tap water samples. After an optimization protocol, the biosensor achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.29 ng mL¿¿1 (1.05 nM) and a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)of 1.71 ng mL¿¿1 (6.09 nM) using a competitive immunoassay and employing diluted tap water. Moreover, the biosensor was successfully employed to determine FN concentration in blind tap water samples obtaining excellent recovery percentages with a time-to-result of only 20 min without any sample pre-treatment. The features of the biosensor suggest its potential application for real time, fast and sensitive screening of FN in water samples as an analytical tool for the monitoring of the water quality.This work received financial support from DIONISOS Project (Retos Colaboracion RTC-2017-6222-5). The ICN2 is funded by the CERCA programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. The ICN2 is supported by the Severo Ochoa Centres of Excellence programme, funded by the Spanish Research Agency (AEI, grant no. SEV-2017-0706)Ramirez-Priego, P.; Estévez, M.; Díaz-Luisravelo, HJ.; Manclus Ciscar, JJ.; Montoya, Á.; Lechuga, LM. (2021). Real-time monitoring of fenitrothion in water samples using a silicon nanophotonic biosensor. Analytica Chimica Acta. 1152:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.338276S191152Sánchez-Santed, F., Colomina, M. T., & Herrero Hernández, E. (2016). Organophosphate pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration. Cortex, 74, 417-426. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.003Chough, S. H., Mulchandani, A., Mulchandani, P., Chen, W., Wang, J., & Rogers, K. R. (2002). Organophosphorus Hydrolase-Based Amperometric Sensor: Modulation of Sensitivity and Substrate Selectivity. Electroanalysis, 14(4), 273-276. doi:10.1002/1521-4109(200202)14:43.0.co;2-5Richardson, J. R., Fitsanakis, V., Westerink, R. H. S., & Kanthasamy, A. G. (2019). Neurotoxicity of pesticides. Acta Neuropathologica, 138(3), 343-362. doi:10.1007/s00401-019-02033-9Giordano, G., Afsharinejad, Z., Guizzetti, M., Vitalone, A., Kavanagh, T. J., & Costa, L. G. (2007). Organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon and oxidative stress in neuronal cells in a genetic model of glutathione deficiency. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 219(2-3), 181-189. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2006.09.016Çakir, Ş., & Sarikaya, R. (2005). Genotoxicity testing of some organophosphate insecticides in the Drosophila wing spot test. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(3), 443-450. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.11.010Rahman, M. F., Mahboob, M., Danadevi, K., Saleha Banu, B., & Grover, P. (2002). Assessment of genotoxic effects of chloropyriphos and acephate by the comet assay in mice leucocytes. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 516(1-2), 139-147. doi:10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00033-5Yeh, S.-P., Sung, T.-G., Chang, C.-C., Cheng, W., & Kuo, C.-M. (2005). Effects of an organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon, on hematological parameters of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). Aquaculture, 243(1-4), 383-392. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.10.017Smith, A. G., & Gangolli, S. D. (2002). Organochlorine chemicals in seafood: occurrence and health concerns. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40(6), 767-779. doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00046-7Kumar, P., Kim, K.-H., & Deep, A. (2015). Recent advancements in sensing techniques based on functional materials for organophosphate pesticides. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 70, 469-481. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.066Schellin, M., Hauser, B., & Popp, P. (2004). Determination of organophosphorus pesticides using membrane-assisted solvent extraction combined with large volume injection–gas chromatography–mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1040(2), 251-258. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.006Sánchez, M. E., Méndez, R., Gómez, X., & Martín‐Villacorta, J. (2003). Determination of Diazinon and Fenitrothion in Environmental Water and Soil Samples by HPLC. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 26(3), 483-497. doi:10.1081/jlc-120017184Sherma, J. (1993). Pesticides. Analytical Chemistry, 65(12), 40-54. doi:10.1021/ac00060a004Grigoryan, H., Li, B., Xue, W., Grigoryan, M., Schopfer, L. M., & Lockridge, O. (2009). Mass spectral characterization of organophosphate-labeled lysine in peptides. Analytical Biochemistry, 394(1), 92-100. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2009.07.008Thompson, C. M., Prins, J. M., & George, K. M. (2010). Mass Spectrometric Analyses of Organophosphate Insecticide Oxon Protein Adducts. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(1), 11-19. doi:10.1289/ehp.0900824Wang, J., Chatrathi, M. P., Mulchandani, A., & Chen, W. (2001). Capillary Electrophoresis Microchips for Separation and Detection of Organophosphate Nerve Agents. Analytical Chemistry, 73(8), 1804-1808. doi:10.1021/ac001424eWatanabe, E., Kanzaki, Y., Tokumoto, H., Hoshino, R., Kubo, H., & Nakazawa, H. (2001). Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on a Polyclonal Antibody for the Detection of the Insecticide Fenitrothion. Evaluation of Antiserum and Application to the Analysis of Water Samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(1), 53-58. doi:10.1021/jf0108359Hua, X., Yang, J., Wang, L., Fang, Q., Zhang, G., & Liu, F. (2012). Development of an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay and an Immunochromatographic Assay for Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Different Agricultural Products. PLoS ONE, 7(12), e53099. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053099Liu, G., & Lin, Y. (2005). Electrochemical Sensor for Organophosphate Pesticides and Nerve Agents Using Zirconia Nanoparticles as Selective Sorbents. Analytical Chemistry, 77(18), 5894-5901. doi:10.1021/ac050791tMane, P. C., Shinde, M. D., Varma, S., Chaudhari, B. P., Fatehmulla, A., Shahabuddin, M., … Chaudhari, R. D. (2020). Highly sensitive label-free bio-interfacial colorimetric sensor based on silk fibroin-gold nanocomposite for facile detection of chlorpyrifos pesticide. Scientific Reports, 10(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61130-yEnsafi, A. A., Rezaloo, F., & Rezaei, B. (2017). Electrochemical Determination of Fenitrothion Organophosphorus Pesticide Using Polyzincon Modified-glassy Carbon Electrode. Electroanalysis, 29(12), 2839-2846. doi:10.1002/elan.201700406Qi, P., Wang, J., Wang, X., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Xu, H., … Wang, X. (2018). Sensitive determination of fenitrothion in water samples based on an electrochemical sensor layered reduced graphene oxide, molybdenum sulfide (MoS2)-Au and zirconia films. Electrochimica Acta, 292, 667-675. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.187Kant, R. (2019). Surface plasmon resonance based fiber–optic nanosensor for the pesticide fenitrothion utilizing Ta2O5 nanostructures sequestered onto a reduced graphene oxide matrix. Microchimica Acta, 187(1). doi:10.1007/s00604-019-4002-8Zinoviev, K. E., Gonzalez-Guerrero, A. B., Dominguez, C., & Lechuga, L. M. (2011). Integrated Bimodal Waveguide Interferometric Biosensor for Label-Free Analysis. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 29(13), 1926-1930. doi:10.1109/jlt.2011.2150734Fernández Gavela, A., Grajales García, D., Ramirez, J., & Lechuga, L. (2016). Last Advances in Silicon-Based Optical Biosensors. Sensors, 16(3), 285. doi:10.3390/s16030285Maldonado, J., Estévez, M.-C., Fernández-Gavela, A., González-López, J. J., González-Guerrero, A. B., & Lechuga, L. M. (2020). Label-free detection of nosocomial bacteria using a nanophotonic interferometric biosensor. The Analyst, 145(2), 497-506. doi:10.1039/c9an01485cHuertas, C. S., Fariña, D., & Lechuga, L. M. (2016). Direct and Label-Free Quantification of Micro-RNA-181a at Attomolar Level in Complex Media Using a Nanophotonic Biosensor. ACS Sensors, 1(6), 748-756. doi:10.1021/acssensors.6b00162Maldonado, J., González-Guerrero, A. B., Domínguez, C., & Lechuga, L. M. (2016). Label-free bimodal waveguide immunosensor for rapid diagnosis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 85, 310-316. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.095González-Guerrero, A. B., Maldonado, J., Dante, S., Grajales, D., & Lechuga, L. M. (2016). Direct and label-free detection of the human growth hormone in urine by an ultrasensitive bimodal waveguide biosensor. Journal of Biophotonics, 10(1), 61-67. doi:10.1002/jbio.201600154Chocarro-Ruiz, B., Herranz, S., Fernández Gavela, A., Sanchís, J., Farré, M., Marco, M. P., & Lechuga, L. M. (2018). Interferometric nanoimmunosensor for label-free and real-time monitoring of Irgarol 1051 in seawater. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 117, 47-52. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.044Chocarro-Ruiz, B., Pérez-Carvajal, J., Avci, C., Calvo-Lozano, O., Alonso, M. I., Maspoch, D., & Lechuga, L. M. (2018). A CO2optical sensor based on self-assembled metal–organic framework nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6(27), 13171-13177. doi:10.1039/c8ta02767fManclús, J. J., Primo, J., & Montoya, A. (1996). Development of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos. 1. Monoclonal Antibody Production and Immunoassay Design. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44(12), 4052-4062. doi:10.1021/jf960144qDante, S., Duval, D., Fariña, D., González-Guerrero, A. B., & Lechuga, L. M. (2015). Linear readout of integrated interferometric biosensors using a periodic wavelength modulation. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 9(2), 248-255. doi:10.1002/lpor.20140021

Tribo-mechanical and cellular behavior of superficially modified porous titanium samples using femtosecond laser

Abstract: In this work, the surface of porous titanium samples obtained by the space-holder technique was treated with a femtosecond laser to improve their osseointegration. Instrumented micro-indentation and scratch test were implemented to evaluate the tribo-mechanical behavior of the surface of the modified samples. A detailed study of micro-hardness, stiffness, scratch resistance and elastic recovery was performed. Also, in vitro analysis was carried out to evaluate the cellular behavior. Modified samples showed less ALP activity, which could indicate a greater differentiation of the cells. The cell culture was similar in all cases although more differentiated morphology, good cell adherence and biological response were observed on treated samples. Finally, the discs with a pore size between 100–200 μm present being potential candidates for the replacement of small portions of damaged cortical bone tissues.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; PID2019-109371GB-I00 Junta de Andalucía; US-125977

Measuring resilience is essential to understand it

The terms sustainability, resilience and others group under the heading of ‘stability’. Their ubiquity speaks to a vital need to characterize changes in complex social and environmental systems. In a bewildering array of terms, practical measurements are essential to permit comparisons and so untangle underlying relationships

Variation in the choice of elective surgical procedure for abdominal aortic aneurysm in Spain

Abdominal aortic aneurysm; Endovascular aneurysm repair; Open surgical repairAneurisma aòrtic abdominal; Reparació endovascular d'aneurismes; Reparació quirúrgica obertaAneurisma aórtico abdominal; Reparación endovascular de aneurismas; Reparación quirúrgica abiertaOBJECTIVE: The two main surgical treatments for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are open surgical repair (OSR) and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). The aim of this study was to analyze variation among Spanish hospitals in the use of OSR or EVAR for AAA. A secondary aim was to assess changes in preferences for these two procedures over time. METHODS: This was a retrospective longitudinal study based on discharge data from public hospitals in Spain during 2002-2012. Patient inclusion criteria were: age >18 years, elective admission, primary diagnosis of unruptured AAA, and surgical treatment with OSR or EVAR. The characteristics of the treating center, patients, and in-hospital mortality were recorded. RESULTS: We included 16,737 patients from 114 hospitals; 6,809 (40.7%) underwent EVAR and 9,928 (59.3%) underwent OSR. The total volume of surgeries increased throughout the period, and the probability that any given procedure was EVAR increased by 20% per year (OR 1.20, P<0.001). The volume and distribution of the two procedures varied highly across the participating hospitals. Overall, in-hospital mortality rate was 3.6% and it decreased during the study period (5.3% in 2002 and 3.2% in 2012), mainly due to a decrease in OSR-related mortality, despite a slight increase in EVAR-related mortality. Hospitals with higher surgical volumes were more likely to use EVAR and have lower in-hospital mortality rates. CONCLUSION: This study reveals high variability in the surgical treatment of unruptured AAA across Spanish hospitals. The number of interventions has increased in recent years, with EVAR accounting for a growing percentage of these surgical procedures. Overall in-hospital mortality rates decreased significantly during this period, mainly due to lower mortality among patients undergoing OSR. In-hospital mortality rates were lower in higher-volume centers, regardless of the surgical approach used. Further research on variability and appropriateness of surgical management of AAA is required to assess the suitability of concentrating elective AAA repair in more experienced centers to potentially achieve better outcomes

Land use drives detritivore size structure and decomposition through shifts in resource quality and quantity

Land use change and nutrient pollution are two pervasive stressors that can modify carbon cycling, as they influence the inputs and the transformation of detritus. Understanding their impact on stream food webs and on diversity is particularly pressing, as streams are largely fuelled by detrital material received from the adjacent riparian environment. Here we assess how a switch from native deciduous forest to Eucalyptus plantations and nutrient enrichment alter the size distribution of stream detritivore communities and decomposition rates of detritus. As expected, more detritus resulted in higher size-independent, or overall, abundance (i.e. higher intercept of size spectra). This change in overall abundance was mainly driven by a change of the relative contribution of large taxa (Amphipoda and Trichoptera), which changed from an average relative abundance of 55.5 to 77.2 % between the sites compared for resource quantity differences in our study. In contrast, detritus quality modified the relative abundance of large vs small individuals (i.e. size spectra slopes), with shallow slopes of size spectra (proportionately more large individuals) associated with sites with nutrient-richer waters and steeper slopes (proportionately fewer large individuals) associated with sites draining Eucalyptus plantations. Decomposition rates of alder leaves due to macroinvertebrates increased from 0.0003 to 0.0142 when relative contribution of large organisms increased (modelled slopes of size spectra: −1.00 and − 0.33, respectively), highlighting the importance of large sized individuals for ecosystem functioning. Our study reveals that land use change and nutrient pollution can greatly impair the transfer of energy through the detrital or ‘brown’ food web by means of intra- and inter-specific responses to quality and quantity of the detritus. These responses enable linking land use change and nutrient pollution to ecosystem productivity and carbon cycling.This work was carried out with financial support from the EU Commission within the RivFunction project (contract EVK1-CT-2001-00088). AL acknowledges the financial support by the mobility program Ikermugikortasuna-2019 of the Basque Government

Comparative Analysis of Chromatin-Delivered Biomarkers in the Monitoring of Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Pilot Study

[EN] Sepsis management remains one of the most important challenges in modern clinical practice. Rapid progression from sepsis to septic shock is practically unpredictable, hence the critical need for sepsis biomarkers that can help clinicians in the management of patients to reduce the proba-bility of a fatal outcome. Circulating nucleoproteins released during the inflammatory response to infection, including neutrophil extracellular traps, nucleosomes, and histones, and nuclear pro-teins like HMGB1, have been proposed as markers of disease progression since they are related to inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial damage, and impairment of the coagulation response, among other pathological features. The aim of this work was to evaluate the actual potential for decision making/outcome prediction of the most commonly proposed chromatin-related bi-omarkers (i.e., nucleosomes, citrullinated H3, and HMGB1). To do this, we compared different ELISA measuring methods for quantifying plasma nucleoproteins in a cohort of critically ill pa-tients diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock compared to nonseptic patients admitted to the inten-sive care unit (ICU), as well as to healthy subjects. Our results show that all studied biomarkers can be used to monitor sepsis progression, although they vary in their effectiveness to separate sepsis and septic shock patients. Our data suggest that HMGB1/citrullinated H3 determination in plasma is potentially the most promising clinical tool for the monitoring and stratification of septic patients.This activity received funding from the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT). This body of the European Union receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program. C.R-M. thanks GVA for starting grant (GV/2018/127) and Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for research project (PID2020-119127RA-I00); J.B-G thanks ISCIII, AES2018 for iPFIS fellowship (IFI18/00015) and GVA for APOTI fellowship (APOTIP/2017/012); CG thanks Spanish Ministry of Universities for fellowship FPU18/03969; J.L.G-G and F.V.P thank INCLIVA, GVA and AES2016 and AES2019 (ISCIII) for starting grant (GV/2014/132), project PI16/01036 and PI19/00994 and project DTS17/00132 (co-financed by the ERDF). The project leading to these results has received funding from "la Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434), under agreement CI18-0009. C.R-M., F.V.P. and A.M. thank Grand Challenges Canada. : We want to particularly acknowledge the patients and the INCLIVA Biobank (PT17/0015/0049; B.000768 ISCIII) integrated in the Valencian Biobanking Network and the Spanish National Biobanks Network for their collaboration.Beltrán-García, J.; Manclus Ciscar, JJ.; García-López, EM.; Carbonell, N.; Ferreres, J.; Rodríguez-Gimillo, M.; Garcés, C.... (2021). Comparative Analysis of Chromatin-Delivered Biomarkers in the Monitoring of Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22(18):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189935115221